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While it is difficult to tie particular natural disasters to climate change, heat waves are the events scientists can most easily and robustly attribute to man-made changes in the atmosphere.

One of the most well-studied impacts of climate change is the effect of temperature and, in particular, extremely hot days on mortality. While it is difficult to tie particular natural disasters to climate change, heat waves are the events scientists can most easily and robustly attribute to man-made changes in the atmosphere. Statistical analyses and climate modeling indicate that the 2010 Russian heat wave, for example, was about five times more likely to have occurred in 2010 than it would have been in the 1960s (before much of the effects of climate change were felt). An analysis conducted after the 2003 European heat wave concluded that it was four times as likely as it would have been before the Industrial Revolution and that it was likely that the excess mortality attributed to the heat wave (~15,000 deaths in France alone) was caused by anthropogenic climate change. 

Historical estimates of the temperature-mortality relationship across societies can help shed light on whether and what type of resilience measures can mitigate the risk of heat-related mortality.

The level of vulnerability of populations to heat stress will depend on the severity of the temperature extremes, as well as on society’s adaptive response, all of which must be measured at a very local scale —taking into account different incomes, climates, and levels of development. Historical estimates of the temperature-mortality relationship across societies can help shed light on whether and what type of resilience measures can mitigate the risk of heat-related mortality. For example, does economic development and the resulting penetration of air conditioning have the potential to reduce mortality risk? Studying the potential effects of future climate change can help the public health community assess where risks will be the most severe and mobilize resources in local communities to improve resilience.

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Health Research

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Valuing the Global Mortality Consequences of Climate Change Accounting for Adaptation Costs and Benefits

Carleton, Tamma and Jina, Amir and Delgado, Michael and Greenstone, Michael and Houser, Trevor and Hsiang, Solomon and Hultgren, Andrew and Kopp, Robert E. and McCusker, Kelly and Nath, Ishan and Rising, James and Rode, Ashwin and Seo, Hee Kwon and and Viaene, Arvid and Yuan, Jiacan and Zhang, Alice Tianbo, Valuing the Global Mortality Consequences of Climate Change Accounting for Adaptation Costs and Benefits (Aug. 3, 2020). National Bureau of Economics Working Paper No. 27599, Available at NBER: http://www.nber.org/papers/w27599

This paper estimates that the release of an additional ton of carbon dioxide today will cause mean damages to global mortality risk valued at $36.6 under a high emissions scenario and $17.1 under a moderate scenario, using a 2% discount rate that is justified by US Treasury rates over the last two decades.
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Climate Change: Information on Potential Economic Effects Could Help Guide Federal Efforts to Reduce Fiscal Exposure

U.S. Government Accountability Office

The GAO's new report draws heavily from two national-scale studies: one from the EPA and the other is the American Climate Prospectus, authored by Climate Impact Lab members. The federal auditors found that the federal government has not undertaken strategic government-wide planning to manage climate risks by using information on the potential economic effects of climate change to identify significant risks and craft appropriate federal responses.
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Estimating Economic Damage from Climate Change in the United States

Hsiang, S., Kopp, R.E., Jina, A., Rising, J., Delgado M., Mohan, S., Rasmussen, D.J., Muir-Wood, R., Wilson, P., Oppenheimer, M., Larsen, K., and Houser, T. (2017). Estimating economic damage from climate change in the United States. Science. doi:10.1126/science.aal4369

Spatially explicit, probabilistic, and empirically derived estimates of economic damage in the United States from climate change.
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Weather, Climate Change and Death in India

Burgess, R., Deschnes, O., Donaldson, D., and M. Greenstone, Weather, Climate Change and Death in India, Working Paper, April 2017.

There is a stark inequality in the effect of ambient temperatures on death in human populations. Using district-level daily weather and annual mortality data from 1957 to 2000, we find that hot days lead to substantial increases in mortality in rural but not urban India.
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Social and economic impacts of climate

Tamma A. Carleton & Solomon M. Hsiang, (2016). Social and economic impacts of climate. Science.

For centuries, thinkers have considered whether and how climatic conditions influence the nature of societies and the performance of economies. A multidisciplinary renaissance of quantitative empirical research has begun to illuminate key linkages in the coupling of these complex natural and human systems, uncovering notable effects of climate on health, agriculture, economics, conflict, migration, and demographics.
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